- Science cannot prove God exists.
- science is bound to observing the natural world
- God is supernatural
- therefore, science can neither prove nor disprove the existence of God
- Fine-Tuned Universe
- Fred Hoyle wrote, “The list of anthropic properties, apparent accidents of a non-biological nature without which carbon-based and hence human life could not exist, is large and impressive.”
| Constant / Quantity | Description | Why It Matters |
| Gravitational Constant (G) | Strength of gravity between two masses. | If slightly stronger or weaker, stars would not form properly or would burn too quickly. |
| Electromagnetic Force Constant (α) | Strength of electromagnetic interaction (also called the fine-structure constant). | Affects atomic structure and chemistry—alter it and atoms (and life) couldn’t exist. |
| Strong Nuclear Force Constant | Holds atomic nuclei together. | Too strong → no hydrogen; too weak → no heavier elements like carbon. |
| Weak Nuclear Force Constant | Governs radioactive decay and hydrogen fusion in stars. | Affects stellar life cycles and element production. |
| Ratio of Electron to Proton Mass (me/mp) | Mass of electron (~1/1836 of proton). | Determines chemical bonding and stability of atoms. |
| Cosmological Constant (Λ) | Energy density of empty space (drives universe’s expansion). | Too large and the universe would expand too fast for galaxies to form. |
| Expansion Rate of the Universe (H₀) | Also known as the Hubble constant. | Controls the rate at which the universe expands—affects structure formation. |
| Initial Entropy of the Universe | Describes the disorder at the beginning of the universe. | Extremely low entropy was necessary for stars and galaxies to form. |
| Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry | The universe contains more matter than antimatter. | If perfectly symmetric, everything would have annihilated, leaving no matter to form anything. |
| Ratio of Strong to Electromagnetic Force | Determines fusion rates and types of atoms that can form. | Small changes would make complex chemistry—and life—impossible. |
| Density of Dark Energy | Determines the fate and structure of the universe. | Affects the acceleration of the universe’s expansion—must be very precise. |
| Number of Spatial Dimensions (3) | Universe has three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. | Life and stable orbits are only possible in three spatial dimensions. |
- Many of these constants are independent of each other and yet all need to fall within narrow life-permitting ranges.
- Some physicists argue this implies design, while others invoke the multiverse or anthropic principle to explain it.
- The Simulation Hypothesis and intelligent design arguments also frequently draw from this list.
- The universe had a beginning
- Genesis 1:1
- Many scientists found this shocking as it matched the Biblical account
- There is no explanation for the origin of life.
- “An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going” Francis Crick1
- science has not begun to offer an explanation for the way in which organic molecules could form. James Tour2
- The cell is unbelievably complex
- If we could go inside a cell, “We would see around us, in every direction we looked, all sorts of robot-like machines. We would notice that the simplest of the functional components of the cell, the protein molecules, were astonishingly complex pieces of molecular machinery, each one consisting of about three thousand atoms arranged in highly organized 3-D spatial conformation.” Micheal Denton3
- DNA code
- Antony Flew, one of the great atheists of the 20th century, came to believe in God due to the discoveries in the structure and function of DNA4
- Archaeology and the Bible
- discoveries in archaeology support the historicity of the Bible.
- Crick, F. (1981). Life Itself. Simon & Schuster. ↩︎
- Eric Metaxas on TBN. (2023, July 19). John Lennox: Scientific Discovery REVEALS God’s Existence & REFUTES Atheism | Eric Metaxas on TBN. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-miE3KXij4 ↩︎
- Denton, M. (1985). Evolution A Theory in Crisis: New Developments in Science are Challenging Orthodox Darwinism. Bethesda, Maryland Alder & Alder. ↩︎
- BBC – Will & Testament: Antony Flew: the atheist who changed his mind. (2025). Bbc.co.uk. https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ni/2010/04/antony_flew_the_atheist_who_ch.html ↩︎